What is bk molly

The reasons for the recent explosion in dance music in the US are many. Great visual shows, huge investment, a generation of homegrown talent, the rise of dubstep — take your pick.

But even the most straight-edge 'only-in-it-for-the-music' clubber would admit that the widespread availability of experience-enhancing stimulants has a hell of a lot to do with it.

Ecstasy pills contain MDMA if you're lucky. MDMA became known in the s as Ecstasy. A look at the most recent Mixmag Drugs Survey shows that among US respondents who had been out clubbing in the past month, Except they probably hadn't. Recent seizures and testing of drugs at street level show that methylone is rife in certain areas of the US — particularly in Miami, home to the biggest EDM events in the country.

In March this year, the Miami Herald reported that in just 12 months there had been a staggering fold increase in seizures of methylone, while MDMA seizures had dropped off a cliff. In , Miami police reports show drugs sold as Molly were seized and submitted for testing times. The overwhelming majority — — contained MDMA, while just 17 contained methylone.

But in , seizures were up to , a 63 per cent rise. Testing proved that samples contained methylone, and just 59 contained MDMA. Novel stimulants are referred to by structural classifications, including amphetamine, phenethylamine and cathinone sub-classes 9 , however the terminology has significant overlap.

This beta-keto sub-class dates back to the synthesis of methylone in the s 10 and patents filed in the s 11 including dibutylone, pentylone, eutylone and N -ethyl pentylone ephylone. Following the appearance of methylone, a succession of novel stimulants was seen including butylone beginning in 15 , 16 , ethylone in 17 , 18 and dibutylone in 13 , Dibutylone Figure 1 , known as beta-keto-dimethylbenzodioxolylbutanamine, bk-DMBDB, bk-MMBDB or methylbutylone, is one of the more recent novel stimulants in this series to be reported in forensic toxicology casework and the street drug supply.

The first mention of dibutylone came in a patent, alongside other now emerging novel stimulants In the United States, dibutylone was not reported until 13 , by which time it had become the fourth most commonly detected phenethylamine drug in the country and most commonly detected novel phenethylamine, overtaking ethylone from , according to data generated by the National Forensic Laboratory Identification System NFLIS.

As of , dibutylone was still reported as the most commonly detected novel phenethylamine Currently, there are limited reports in the literature involving intoxications or deaths with these beta-keto-methylenedioxyamphetamines, as many laboratories do not routinely test for them, and their specific toxicity profile is unknown 7.

Pharmacological and toxicological effects of dibutylone have not been previously reported, although it has been proposed that its effects and adverse events would be similar to previously described novel stimulants One possible comparison is to butylone toxicity The patient was aggressively cooled, but due to multi-system organ failure eventually died. In another case of attempted suicide following ingestion of 10 butylone tablets, hospital personnel report tachycardia, hypertension, increased muscle tonus, hypersalivation, mydriasis and hyperthermia, in addition to noted arrhythmias Butylone is also reported to cause hyperventilation and prominent behavioral changes To better assist laboratories and toxicologists in the identification and interpretation of NPS use and drug positivity, it is important to understand novel stimulant metabolic fate as the identification of metabolites can prolong detection windows.

Furthermore, due to the structural relationships between the members of the beta-keto methylenedioxyamphetamine drug class, many novel stimulants are metabolized into another biologically active novel stimulant 8 , 24 — 26 , which can create scenarios where multiple drugs are contributing to effects. This manuscript reports analytical methods for the identification and quantitation of dibutylone and its in vitro metabolic products, and confirmation of these metabolites in authentic human biological specimens from dibutylone intoxications.

Sodium phosphate was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich St. Specimens were collected between January and July Personal identifiers were removed from any specimens or case histories before being provided. Case circumstances, when available, were tabulated and are provided in Table I Case 1—9. The extraction cartridges were conditioned with acetonitrile and water, the sample was applied and washed with hydrochloric acid in water 0. Table I. Case information for biological specimens and quantitative confirmation.

Performance characteristics included bias, precision, linearity, limit of detection, limit of quantitation, dilution integrity, stability, and evaluation of interferences and carryover, with all values within acceptable criteria. Matrix types for which comprehensive validation had not been performed i. This approach utilized three separate aliquots of the specific case specimen, to which standard drug solution in increased amount i.

The concentration of drug solution added was determined based on an estimated case specimen concentration. The final concentration was calculated y-intercept using a linear regression by plotting peak area ratio and standard addition blank and spiked concentrations i. Samples included in this assessment had previously tested positive for dibutylone using a previously described and validated liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry LC-QTOF screening method 8.

Case information is provided in Table I Case 10— Samples were prepared for analysis by liquid—liquid extraction using borax buffer 0. Table II. Identification of dibutylone metabolites using HLMs.

Microsomal incubations were conducted according to previously published methods 30 for the identification of phase I metabolic transformations. These sample types were prepared over 3 days, for a total of six metabolism incubation mixtures.

Diazepam was used as a batch metabolic control during the study to verify the activity of the microsomes. Following incubation, simple sample cleanup, using centrifugation and membrane filters, was performed prior to analysis by LC-QTOF. The total run time was Source conditions were identical with ionization by positive electrospray. Both acquisition modes generate accurate mass precursor ion TOF MS and accurate mass fragment ion MSMS data for formula and structural elucidation of metabolites formed during the incubations.

Potential metabolites were identified based on precursor and product ions, confirmed using reference material when available , and verified in authentic human toxicological specimens previously described which had previously tested positive for dibutylone.

An extracted ion chromatogram XIC list was generated containing metabolite name, formula, accurate mass and retention time. Metabolite MSMS spectra were added to an in-house library database for evaluation of the presence of these in vitro metabolites in authentic specimens.

The previously mentioned blood, vitreous humor, liver, oral fluid specimens were prepared for metabolite confirmatory analysis by single-step liquid—liquid extraction using Borax buffer 10 mM, pH 9. Quantitative and qualitative confirmation of dibutylone and butylone in these populations is shown in Table I. All cases analyzed during this study had one specimen positive for at least dibutylone.

Ten of the individuals were male, four were female and one gender was not listed. It is interesting that dibutylone was found in conjunction with other novel stimulants and NPS within these individuals, including the more traditional stimulant MDMA. Not all specimens were analyzed using the same directed approach, but all results were confirmed. Analysis of data from LC-QTOF analysis of the incubation mixtures resulted in the identification of five metabolites of dibutylone Figure 2.

Characteristic common accurate mass fragment ions were identified among and between the proposed metabolites. Experimental data consisting of accurate precursor ion mass, formula, retention time and accurate product ion masses was tabulated Table II.

Dibutylone was found to undergo hydrogenation of the beta-ketone species producing M1, 1- 1,3-benzodioxolyl dimethylamino butanol Figure 2. M1 exhibited a protonated ion of The most prominent fragment ion, This metabolite was determined to be unique to dibutylone, however other positional isomers of dibutylone could metabolize to a species with the same molecular formula and exact mass.

Some features of this site may not work without it. A comparison of MDMA Ecstasy and 3,4-methylenedioxymethcathinone Methylone in their acute behavioural effects and development of tolerance in rats Thesis Discipline Psychology.

Degree Name Master of Science. Publisher University of Canterbury. Language English. Collections Science: Theses and Dissertations []. Authors Davidson, Mark L. Ethylone-Related Deaths: Toxicological Findings. Ethylone: A synthetic cathinone emerging in Barcelona. European Psychiatry. German C, Fleckenstein, A. Bath salts and synthetic cathinones: An emerging designer drug phenomenon.

Life Sciences. Paillet-Loilier M, Cesbron, A. Emerging drugs of abuse: current perspectives on substituted cathinones. Substance Abuse and Rehabilitation,. Australian Government Department of Health.